Find who's structurally indispensable. Quantifies which actors a network can't lose without breaking apart. Industry name: Burt constraint scoring.
Group people who actually cluster together. Detects cohesive subgroups inside fragmented public-records data. Industry name: Louvain / Leiden spectral community detection.
Find closed-loop money flows. Surfaces funding cycles where money exits an entity and returns through intermediaries. Load-bearing for False Claims Act cases. Industry name: Tarjan cycle detection.
Audit money-in vs. money-out. Balance-check on funding chains; identifies unaccounted-for delta. Industry name: Kirchhoff flow conservation.
Test whether one event predicts another. Temporal-precedence test on filing velocities, market signals, news events. Industry name: Granger causality.
Measure information flow between two timelines. Works where straight-line correlation fails — captures non-linear coupling between event streams. Industry name: transfer entropy.